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¹Özel Körfez Marmara Hastanesi, Kocaeli, Türkiye Neuroscience is the science that studies the structure and function of the human brain and nervous system. Every neurosurgeon should have knowledge of the fundamentals of research methods to develop an understanding of the research process and procedures for critical evaluation of a scientific paper. This work should be started by isolating nerve cells which are the smallest building blocks and the tracts. Again, neural stem cells represent a useful in vitro model for investigating neurodegenerative diseases, and examining mechanisms of neural development as well as neuronal/glial survival and differentiation. Studies in the field of stem cell therapy show promise in the treatment of these diseases. A greater understanding of the stages of brain development in genetics will help decipher the causes of many brain diseases, including developmental disorders, degenerative diseases of adult life, and tumorigenesis. Gene therapy in brain tumor and degenerative brain diseases shows promise in animal model studies. In this review, we first discuss the preparation of the nerve and the staining techniques specific to each cell type in order to make the nervous system cells visible. Then, we discuss the preparation of nerve and stem cell cultures and recent stem cell and genetic studies in neuroscience. Anahtar Kelimeler : Neuroscience and neurosurgery, Neuroscience research, Neuroscience advanced research techniques, Neural gene therapy, Neural stem cell therapy