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¹Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Biyomedikal Mühendisliği Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye It is important to develop objective methods to monitor the cognitive status of surgeons during their training and surgical activities in order to ensure patient safety and improve education processes. Electroencephalography (EEG) and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) technologies have been used frequently, especially for understanding the brain dynamics of surgeons. These neuroimaging research methods have become more popular with user-friendly wearable sensors and new data analysis methods. Expected benefits from these ongoing studies include improved training programs and certification, the development of more effective new technologies, real-time safety alerts, and models that can assist in operating room management. Beyond that, these systems are considered a data source that can quantify team dynamics and success. This review paper assesses functional neuroimaging studies that focus on mental workload assessment for surgeons. Anahtar Kelimeler : Mental workload, Functional neuroimaging, fNIRS, EEG, Neuroergonomics