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İstanbul Üniversitesi, Onkoloji Enstitüsü, Radyasyon Onkolojisi, İstanbul The literature concerning the effects of radiation on human cognition has been reviewed. Amethod was used to differentiate the effects of radiation on cognitive functions from other factors. For this reason, studies on the effects of low dose radiation on cognition and irradiation of brain tissue for reasons other than brain tumors have been discussed. Cognitive dysfunction due to radiation must affect treatment choice for brain tumors. However, technological developments in radiotherapy can help to locate precisely the brain regions and not to exceed the tolerance doses. Thus, protection of brain regions which take part in cognitive functioning from radiation has the potential to decrease cognitive impairment caused by radiation. Brain tumors and antiepileptic drugs are the most important factors causing cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients. Anahtar Kelimeler : Brain, Cognitive functions, Radiation effects